What is it?

Macular degeneration causes loss in the center of the field of vision. There are two types of macular degeneration, dry and wet. Dry macular degeneration occurs when the center of the retina deteriorates. Wet macular degeneration occurs when blood vessels grow and
leak under the retina.

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Symptoms

• Blurred, distorted or worsened central vision

• Difficulty seeing clearly in dim light

• Spots in vision

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Treatment

• Vitamins

• Laser Surgery

• Intravitreal injection of medicine

What is it?

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Diabetic retinopathy occurs in people with diabetes when high
blood sugar levels cause damage to blood vessels in the retina. These blood vessels can swell and leak, or they can close, preventing blood from passing through.

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Symptoms
 

• Blurred or distorted vision

• Floaters

• Dark Areas in Field of Vision

• Difficulty Perceiving Colours

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Treatment
 

• Controlling Blood Sugar and Blood Pressure

• Following a diet approved by your physician or nutritionist

• Intravitreal injection of medication

• Laser Surgery
  Other Surgery

What is it?

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Retinal attachments occur first through retinal tears, which are when the vitreous gel, the fluid within the eyeball that is attached to the retina, pulls a portion of the retina with it as it pulls away from the back of the eye. Vitreous fluid can then move behind the torn retina and cause it to lift and detach off
of the back of the eye.

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Symptoms
 

• Increase in the number or size of floaters

• Flashes

• Shadows in peripheral vision

• Seeing a grey curtain

• Rapid decrease in Vision

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Treatment
 

• Vitrectomy

• Scleral Buckle

• Pneumatic Retinopexy

What is it?

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Retinal Artery and Vein Occlusions occur when clots or cholesterol block the arteries or veins in your retina. They come in two forms, Branched Retinal Artery/Vein Occlusion (BRAO and BRVO), when the small arteries or veins are blocked, and Central Retina Artery/Vein Occlusion (CRAO and CRVO), when the central retinal artery or vein is blocked. When the blood flow to the central vein is obstructed, blood and fluid can leak into the retina, which can cause the macula to swell. This can affect your central vision and if the leaking continues, the nerves in your eye can die, leading to more vision loss.

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Symptoms
 

• Vision loss or blurry vision

• Distorted vision

• Floaters

• Pain and pressure

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Treatment
 

• Laser surgery

• Intravitreal injections of medication

What is it?

​

Posterior Vitreous Detachment occurs when the vitreous pulls away from the retina.

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Symptoms
 

• Flashes in peripheral vision

• Decreased vision

• Floaters

• Moving dark curtain or shadow

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Treatment (in case of a retinal tear)
 

• Laser surgery

• Cryopexy

​What is it?

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Macular Puckers occur when the vitreous gel pulls on the retina. Scar tissue may form and create a wrinkle in the macula, or a macular pucker. When the macula stretches enough, a macular hole can form.

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Symptoms
 

• Wavy Vision

• Gray or cloudy central vision

• Blind spot in central vision

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Treatment 
 

• Vitrectomy

What is it?

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Ocular Melanoma occurs when there are errors in the DNA replication of an eye's melanocytes, or pigment cells, causing the mutated cells to multiply uncontrollably.

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Symptoms
 

• Dark spots on the iris or Conjunctiva

• Blurry or distorted vision or a blind spot in your peripheral vision

• Flashes change in shape of the pupil

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Treatment 
 

• Surgery

• Radiation

What is it?

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Uveitis occurs when the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, becomes inflamed. There are three types: anterior, intermediate, and posterior, depending on the location of the
inflammation. In severe cases, all three layers may be inflamed.

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Symptoms
 

• Red eye with/without pain

• Sensitivity to bright light

• Blurry vision

• Floaters

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Treatment 
 

• Eye drop medications

• Medication injections

• Oral medications

What is it?

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It is the inflammation of the vitreous and aqueous fluids within the eye, often due to infection

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Symptoms
 

• Blurry Vision

• Red Eye

• Pain

• Swollen Lid

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Treatment 
 

• Vitrectomy

• Intravitreal antibiotics

• Systemic antibiotics

• Corticosteroids

What is it?

​

Macular Edema occurs when retinal blood vessels leak fluids
into the retina, causing the macula to swell. Macular edema is
often associated with diabetes. Cystoid macular edema is a form that develops after cataract surgery.

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Symptoms
 

• Blurry/wavy Vision

• Dulled or changed colors

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Treatment 
 

• Laser Surgery

• Medication injections

• For people with diabetes: controlling blood sugar and pressure

• For cystoid macular edema: Nsaid or steroidal eye drops